Defination of Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbon Compounds

Definition of Organic Chemistry

 

The history of organic chemistry since the middle of the century begins
17. at that time, can not explain the difference between compound
derived from living organisms (animals and plants) with
compounds derived from minerals. Compounds
obtained from plants and animals are very difficult to be isolated. When
can be purified, the compounds obtained are very
easily decomposed from the compound obtained from bahanbahan
minerals. A chemist from Sweden, Torbern Bergman,
in 1770 expressed as described above
difference between organic and inorganic compounds. Furthermore,
organic compound is defined as a chemical compound derived from
living things.
Many chemists at that time was just explaining the difference
organic compounds and inorganic compounds in that compound
organic must have vital energy (vital force) as a result of
their authenticity in living bodies. One result of
This vital energy is the chemists believed that organic compounds
can not be made and manipulated in the laboratory
as do the inorganic compounds.
Vitality theory was later changed when Michael
Chevreul (1816) found the soap as a result of the reaction between alkali
with animal fat. Animal fats can be separated in
some pure organic compounds called fatty acids.
For the first time an organic compound (fat) is converted into
other compounds (fatty acids and glycerin) without the intervention of the energy
vital.
A few years later, weakened vitality theory
when Friedrich Wohler (1828) capable of transforming inorganic salts,
ammonium cyanate, into organic compounds, namely urea
previously been found in human urine.  
Important atoms are studied in organic chemistry is
carbon atoms. Nevertheless, other atoms are also studied as
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other atoms. Will
but why carbon atoms so special? The carbon atom is
included in the class 4A, carbon has four valence electrons
that can be used to form four covalent bonds. In
in the periodic table, carbon atoms occupy a central position in the
column period. Carbon atoms on the left has
tendency to electrons, while on the right
have a tendency to attract electrons.

Hydrocarbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons are the most simple carbon compounds. From the name, hydrocarbon compounds are carbon compounds that are composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. In everyday life we ​​encounter many hydrocarbon compounds, such as kerosene, gasoline, natural gas, plastics and others.
Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule, carbon compounds are divided into two major categories, namely compound aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon compounds chain opens its C and C it allows branched chain. Based on the amount of the bond, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated.
 

- The compound is a saturated aliphatic C chain aliphatic compounds it contains only single bonds only. This group is called alkanes.
Examples of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

-Unsaturated aliphatic compounds are aliphatic compounds, varying chain C double bond or triple. If you have duplicate named alkenes and alkynes have triple called.

- Cyclic hydrocarbon compound is a compound of carbon chain C and its circular hoop may also bind the side chain. This group divided into alicyclic and aromatic compounds.

·         alicyclic compounds are aliphatic carbon compounds that form a closed chain.

·         aromatic compounds are compounds composed of six carbon atoms that form a chain C benzene.

Hydrocarbon Properties
Highlights include:

a) Physical Properties
b) Chemical Properties Related to chemical reactions.

1) The reactions of the Alkanes
Alkanes considered difficult substances react so-called paraffin which means little affinity. The most important reaction of alkanes is combustion reactions, substitution and cracking (cracking).
Explanation:

a. Combustion
o Complete combustion of alkanes to produce gas CO 2 and water vapor, while the incomplete combustion produces CO gas and water vapor, or soot (carbon particles).

b. Substitution or change
- Atom H from alkanes can be replaced by other atoms, especially the halogen group.
- Replacement H atom by atom or another group called substitution reaction.
- One of the most important substitution reactions of alkanes are  halogenated alkanes, namely the replacement of H atoms by halogen atoms, especially chlorine (chlorination).
- Chlorination can occur if the alkane is reacted with chlorine.

c. Cracking or cracking
 -Cracking is breaking the carbon chains into pieces shorter.
 -Cracking can occur when the alkane is heated at high temperature and high pressure without oxygen.
- This reaction can also be used to make alkenes from alkanes. It can also be used to create hydrogen gas from alkanes.

2) Reactions on Alkenes
- alkenes more reactive than alkanes. This is because the double bond C = C.
- alkene reactions mainly occur at the double bond. Important reactions of alkenes include: combustion reactions, addition and polymerization.

Explanation:
a. Combustion
- As with alkanes, alkenes low interest flammable. If burned in the open air, alkenes produce more soot than alkanes. This happens because the alkene have higher levels of C than alkanes, so that combustion demands / needs more oxygen.
- Complete combustion of alkenes produce CO 2 and water vapor.
b. Adducts (addition = saturation)
- The most important reactions of alkenes are addition reactions that bond saturation reactions.
c. Polymerization
- The reaction of incorporation of simple molecules into large molecules.
- simple molecules called monomers undergo polymerization, while the result is called a polymer.
-  polymerization of alkenes occurs by an addition reaction.
- The process can be described as follows:
~ First open bond that formed the group with two unpaired electrons.
~ unpaired electrons then form a bond between the groups so as to form a chain.

3) reactions on alkyne
- These reactions are similar to the alkyne alkene; to saturate double bonds, requiring alkyne reagent 2 times more than the alkene.
- The most important reactions of alkenes and alkynes are addition reactions with H 2, the addition of the halogen (X 2) and the addition of the acid halide (HX).
- In addition reaction gas HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes and alkynes Markovnikov rules apply, namely:
"If the C atom bonded dual binding of different amounts of H atoms, the atom X will be bound to the atom C a few atoms bind H"
"If the C atom bonded to duplicate the number of H atoms bind together a lot, then the atom X will be bound to C atoms that have the most long-chain C".